EGS Projects

Your results

Impact category

Value

Unit

Functional unit

Climate change

5.98e-3

kg CO2-Eq

kWh heat

Freshwater and terrestrial acidification

4.68e-5

mol H+-Eq

kWh heat

Freshwater ecotoxicity

4.64e-3

CTUe

kWh heat

Human health - carcinogenic effects

2.08e-10

CTUh

kWh heat

Human health - non-carcinogenic effects

9.62e-10

CTUh

kWh heat

Resources - fossils

3.22e-1

kWh heat

Resources - minerals and metals

1.57e-7

kg Sb-Eq

kWh heat

Median results of the reference LCA model relative to your results

Simplified models results using the case-study data, relative to your results

Reference model comparison

Simplified model comparison (Generalized)

468%

100%

417%

99%

237%

99%

175%

99%

297%

97%

198%

100%

159%

99%

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EGS

Enhanced Geothermal System technology for heat generation with very low direct emissions.

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FLASH

Type of geothermal power plants that produce electricity thanks to the steam that drives generator turbines. These plants also produce heat which is delivered through a heat transfer network for industrial uses.

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CHP

Combined Heat and Power geothermal plants with low direct emissions.

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HeatORC

A heat production plant including a demonstration Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) producing electricity for self-consumption with very low emissions.

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General information on the SM

The simplified models (https://www.geoenvi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/D3.4-Simplified-parameterized-models.pdf) were developed as one of the outcomes of the European project GEOENVI [Grant agreement n°818242 -- 2018-2021]. These simplified models estimate the environmental impacts of four different categories of geothermal installations, namely:

(1) enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for heat generation with very low direct emissions
(2) geothermal flash power plant producing electricity and a limited amount of heat from a geothermal source with moderate to high content of NCGs, composed mostly of CO2
(3) combined Heat and Power (CHP) geothermal plant with low direct emissions
(4) a heat production plant including a demonstration ORC producing electricity for self-consumption with very low emissions.

The simplified models are based on equations with a small number of variable parameters and provide first environmental assessments of geothermal installations belonging to any of the four categories described, whenever the resources are lacking to conduct full life cycle assessments (LCAs). The generation of the simplified models for each of the four categories of geothermal installations relied on a five-step protocol (https://www.geoenvi.eu/publications/elaboration-of-a-general-protocol-to-generate-simplified-models-for-geothermal-installations/) including:

(i) the definition of the scope of the study
(ii) the modelling and validation of the reference LCA model
(iii) the statistical process to identify the key input variable parameters for each impact category
(iv) the generation and validation of the simplified models, and (v) the description of the models’ applicability domain.

The reference LCA model was developed based on one representative geothermal installation per category and followed whenever possible the LCA guidelines developed within GEOENVI (https://www.geoenvi.eu/publications/lca-guidelines-for-geothermal-installations/). Adaptations were necessary to ensure that the developed reference LCA model was not too specific for the representative installation and thus general enough to represent all possible installations within that category. Seven simplified models per category of geothermal installation were developed, describing impacts on climate change, minerals and metals resource depletion, fossil resource depletion, human carcinogenic effects, human non-carcinogenic effects, freshwater ecotoxicity, and freshwater and terrestrial acidification. Each model relied on two to six variable parameters specific to the geothermal installation and explaining around 75% or more of the variance observed per impact category. In addition, the simplified models for the EGS for heat generation includes electricity shares as inputs to consider different types of electricity mix used to power the pumps during the plant’s operation phase. It appears that the influencing variable parameters vary depending on the impact category and the geothermal installation category. Only the most influencing variable parameters were kept per simplified model, as explained in more details in the description of the protocol.

The simplified models presented here are first estimates of the environmental impacts of a geothermal installation and do not replace a full Life Cycle Assessment. While a simplified model is a good representation of a specific type of geothermal installation, its accuracy in estimating the environmental impacts does not fully match the one of a full LCA. Furthermore, the use of the simplified models is strictly limited to the defined applicability domain. Carefully choosing among the different types of installations available is therefore essential to ensure the relevance of the estimated impacts. Whenever an installation falls partly within the defined parameter ranges and/or the specified applicability domain, the user might want to apply all simplified models and compare their outcomes. We suggest that if the results per impact category for each installation type vary by less than 10%, the estimated values might be considered an acceptable first rough estimate of the environmental impacts of the considered installation. Otherwise, we advise against the use of the simplified models and recommend the development of a new simplified model for the specific installation type. Overall, we advise against applying a simplified model to an installation whose characteristics do not match the defined parameter ranges or the specified applicability domain at all.

For further information on the GEOENVI LCA tools, please visit: https://www.geoenvi.eu/lca-for-geothermal/

Terminology

Applicability range

The range of values for each parameter which the reference LCA model and simplified models can be applied.

CHP

Combined Heat and Power geothermal plant with low direct emissions.

EGS

Enhanced geothermal system technology, for heat generation with very low direct emissions.

Flash

Type of geothermal power plants whose primary scope are the production of electricity where steam drives generator turbines. Such plants produce also heat which is delivered through a heat transfer network for industrial uses.

HeatORC

A heat production plant including a demonstration ORC producing electricity for self-consumption with very low emissions.

Impact category

In the LCA impact assessment (LCIA) potential environmental impacts are calculated based on the inventory results of the life cycle. Inputs and outputs are multiplied by a specific characterisation factors and all the contributions to different impact categories are summed up to obtain a single impact value for each considered category.

Monte Carlo simulation

Ensemble of statistical techniques generating random samples of parameters from their probability distribution functions to estimate the uncertainty of the model's outcome which is defined by these parameters.

ElectricalShares

Shares of the different electricity sources for the EU28 countries observed in 2010 and forecasted for 2050 from Capros, P., European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, European Commission, Climate Action DG, European Commission, Directorate General for Mobility and Transport, 2016. EU reference scenario 2016: energy, transport and GHG emissions : trends to 2050. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Parameter	Country	2010	2050	Unit	Description
fNuc	AT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	AT	7,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	AT	1,9%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	AT	23,8%	19,3%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	AT	7,5%	7,5%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	AT	56,5%	50,5%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	AT	3,0%	17,0%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	AT	0,1%	5,6%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	BE	51,1%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	BE	4,5%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	BE	0,4%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	BE	35,4%	58,7%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	BE	6,3%	7,4%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	BE	0,3%	0,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	BE	1,4%	28,0%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	BE	0,6%	5,2%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	BG	33,1%	35,5%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	BG	49,1%	21,1%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	BG	0,9%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	BG	4,3%	9,2%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	BG	0,1%	3,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	BG	11,0%	7,4%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	BG	1,5%	13,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	BG	0,0%	9,8%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	HR	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	HR	17,0%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	HR	4,0%	0,4%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	HR	18,2%	26,0%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	HR	0,2%	5,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	HR	59,5%	36,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	HR	1,0%	14,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	HR	0,0%	17,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	CY	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	CY	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	CY	98,6%	0,3%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	CY	0,0%	58,4%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	CY	0,7%	3,1%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	CY	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	CY	0,6%	12,6%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	CY	0,1%	25,5%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	CZ	32,8%	54,2%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	CZ	55,2%	17,9%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	CZ	0,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	CZ	4,8%	11,8%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	CZ	2,6%	7,6%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	CZ	3,3%	3,9%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	CZ	0,4%	1,8%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	CZ	0,7%	3,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	DK	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	DK	43,8%	0,3%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	DK	2,0%	0,3%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	DK	20,3%	19,1%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	DK	13,7%	22,2%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	DK	0,1%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	DK	20,1%	56,4%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	DK	0,0%	1,8%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	EE	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	EE	86,1%	14,9%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	EE	0,3%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	EE	5,5%	18,1%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	EE	5,7%	24,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	EE	0,2%	0,8%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	EE	2,1%	41,6%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	EE	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	FI	28,3%	41,3%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	FI	25,8%	1,5%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	FI	0,6%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	FI	14,7%	7,8%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	FI	14,2%	24,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	FI	16,0%	16,3%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	FI	0,4%	8,4%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	FI	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	FR	76,0%	38,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	FR	4,1%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	FR	1,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	FR	4,7%	6,1%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	FR	1,2%	4,5%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	FR	11,1%	12,0%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	FR	1,8%	26,5%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	FR	0,1%	11,9%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	DE	22,4%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	DE	42,0%	21,1%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	DE	1,4%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	DE	16,1%	19,3%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	DE	6,9%	11,6%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	DE	3,3%	4,7%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	DE	6,0%	30,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	DE	1,9%	12,8%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	GR	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	GR	53,7%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	GR	10,6%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	GR	17,1%	21,5%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	GR	0,6%	3,0%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	GR	13,0%	9,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	GR	4,7%	37,9%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	GR	0,3%	27,9%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	HU	42,2%	58,3%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	HU	16,7%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	HU	1,3%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	HU	31,3%	23,4%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	HU	6,6%	7,3%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	HU	0,5%	2,2%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	HU	1,4%	7,3%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	HU	0,0%	1,3%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	IE	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	IE	22,5%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	IE	2,1%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	IE	62,3%	40,8%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	IE	1,1%	6,5%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	IE	2,1%	4,2%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	IE	9,9%	48,5%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	IE	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	IT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	IT	13,3%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	IT	7,3%	0,2%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	IT	53,0%	34,4%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	IT	3,9%	15,2%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	IT	17,1%	12,9%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	IT	3,1%	14,8%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	IT	0,6%	21,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	LV	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	LV	0,0%	0,8%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	LV	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	LV	45,1%	29,2%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	LV	1,0%	16,0%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	LV	53,1%	34,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	LV	0,7%	19,3%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	LV	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	LT	0,0%	53,5%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	LT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	LT	13,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	LT	68,8%	18,3%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	LT	2,9%	8,4%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	LT	10,8%	6,2%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	LT	4,5%	13,3%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	LT	0,0%	0,4%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	LU	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	LU	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	LU	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	LU	90,3%	81,6%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	LU	4,0%	3,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	LU	3,3%	1,8%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	LU	1,7%	11,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	LU	0,7%	1,7%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	MT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	MT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	MT	99,9%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	MT	0,0%	78,3%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	MT	0,0%	1,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	MT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	MT	0,0%	2,5%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	MT	0,0%	17,5%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	NL	3,4%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	NL	19,1%	1,3%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	NL	1,1%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	NL	65,7%	56,0%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	NL	7,3%	13,9%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	NL	0,1%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	NL	3,4%	25,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	NL	0,1%	3,5%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	PL	0,0%	28,2%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	PL	87,0%	25,9%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	PL	1,8%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	PL	4,3%	17,0%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	PL	4,0%	8,5%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	PL	1,9%	1,8%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	PL	1,1%	18,3%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	PL	0,0%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	PT	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	PT	13,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	PT	5,6%	0,9%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	PT	27,8%	2,6%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	PT	5,5%	7,7%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	PT	30,1%	36,7%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	PT	17,1%	36,9%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	PT	0,4%	14,7%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	RO	19,2%	26,6%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	RO	34,1%	9,7%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	RO	1,1%	0,2%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	RO	12,1%	14,8%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	RO	0,2%	4,4%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	RO	32,8%	19,3%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	RO	0,5%	18,6%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	RO	0,0%	6,4%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	SK	53,1%	58,5%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	SK	13,0%	7,6%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	SK	2,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	SK	9,9%	8,8%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	SK	2,6%	7,4%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	SK	19,1%	13,8%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	SK	0,0%	0,9%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	SK	0,1%	3,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	SI	34,8%	43,4%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	SI	32,5%	0,2%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	SI	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	SI	3,4%	13,0%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	SI	1,4%	10,3%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	SI	27,8%	26,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	SI	0,0%	2,0%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	SI	0,1%	4,4%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	ES	20,8%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	ES	8,5%	0,2%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	ES	5,6%	0,5%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	ES	32,1%	13,5%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	ES	1,6%	3,8%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	ES	14,2%	10,6%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	ES	14,8%	38,9%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	ES	2,2%	32,6%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	SE	39,0%	31,0%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	SE	1,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	SE	1,2%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	SE	2,5%	5,6%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	SE	9,0%	12,9%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	SE	44,7%	36,1%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	SE	2,4%	14,3%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	SE	0,0%	0,0%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid
fNuc	UK	16,4%	29,1%	ratio	Ratio of nuclear power in the national grid
fCoal	UK	28,4%	0,7%	ratio	Ratio of coal in the national grid
fOil	UK	1,3%	0,1%	ratio	Ratio of oil in the national grid
fNG	UK	46,7%	29,7%	ratio	Ratio of natural gas in the national grid
fBio	UK	3,5%	11,1%	ratio	Ratio of biomass in the national grid
fHydro	UK	0,9%	1,1%	ratio	Ratio of hydropower in the national grid
fWind	UK	2,7%	26,2%	ratio	Ratio of wind in the national grid
fSolar	UK	0,0%	1,9%	ratio	Ratio of solar in the national grid

EGS Projects

test Institute

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) MODELS

EGS

FLASH

CHP

HeatORC